Week 30 - Trends Influencing NZ or Internationally

Week 30 - Trends Influencing NZ or Internationally
This weeks mission is to look at trends influencing NZ or Internationally that is relevant to my practice. I will be using a reflective model from Rolfe et al. (2001).

Step 1 - What?

I conducted some research into trends and feel like I already have a good handle on many of them as I am a digital technologies specialist that tries hard to use applied learning, support computational thinking, and creative inquiry etc. However when watching the video from New Media Consortium (2017) ‘wicked problems’ were mentioned and this captured my attention as I have not explicitly been focused on these and am unsure about how these might impact my current teaching and learning in the classroom. Have I really been using authentic and complex contexts based on wicked problems?

Step 2 - So What?
I went on to have a closer look into wicked problems and in the NMC/CoSN Horizon Report (2017) I have found some definitions of problems ranging from solvable challenges that we both understand and know how to solve; difficult challenges that are more or less well understood but for which solutions remain elusive; and wicked challenges, the most difficult, which are complex to even define.

So if these problems are complex to even define how do we help students develop the skills and knowledge to deal with these? What is required to successfully consider these in our daily teaching and learning? I found some suggestions and useful information on a Forum from the Ministry of Education Enabling E-Learning website suggest they are difficult because they involve:

• incomplete or contradictory knowledge
• the number of people and opinions involved
• the large economic burden
• interconnected nature of these problems with other problems

Some tips from the website include making sure we look at the potential behaviours that are linked to social problems, and identify what behaviours/action we want to endeavor to change. Also that we can break down the problem, into more a manageable ‘project size’ where students work in teams to collaboratively address elements of real world issues. Also in our NZ context it might be appropriate to include a whole-system perspective that requires us all to be invested and respectfully integrates Māori understandings of our natural world. So some good ideas from here that I could implement.

Step 3 - Now What?
In my teaching I could probably make sure I start with more socially fuelled and value ladened topics and then break down these real world problems into smaller ones that can be tackled by our students. For example next semester I am part of a learning module that integrates Digital Technology with Physical Education and Health. We could look at the positive and negative impacts of technology on our hauora (health and wellbeing) and the impact of hauora on our technological advances. We can look into how we can more explicitly incorporate these kinds of wicked problems into our teaching contexts.

References
Source: Daggett, B. (2014). Addressing Current and Future Challenges in Education. Retrieved from http://www.leadered.com/pdf/2014MSC_AddressingCurrentandFutureChallenges.pdf

Rolfe et al. (2001). Reflective Model. Retrieved from https://my.cumbria.ac.uk/media/MyCumbria/Documents/ReflectiveModelRolfe.pdf

New Media Consortium. (2017, August 29). NMC and CoSN Release the Horizon Report: 2017 K-12 Edition [Video]. Retrieved from Youtube

Freeman, A., Adams Becker, S., Cummins, M., Davis, A., and Hall Giesinger, C. (2017). NMC/CoSN Horizon Report: 2017 K–12 Edition. Austin, Texas: The New Media Consortium.

Ministry of Education. Enabling e-learning (n.d.). Forum: Wicked problems and real world issues. Retrieved from https://vln.school.nz/discussion/view/961940.

Week 29 - The Use of Social Media in my Teaching or Professional Development

Week 29 - The Use of Social Media in my Teaching or Professional Development

I will use the reflective model from Jay and Johnson’s (2002) to critically discuss the use of Social Media in my teaching.

Step 1 - Descriptive
There are many benefits of using social media such as being a communication channel, engagement tool, and a collaboration platform (Faizi, Afia & Chiheb, 2013). In my current teaching role I have not really used much social media, there are a few barriers that seem to make it quite difficult such as our student's ages. I teach in a Junior High School and the recommended age for most social media use is 13 so ethically it doesn’t seem to be a good idea to encourage the use of social media with our students. Another barrier is that most social media is blocked at our school and can’t be accessed through our school wireless.

Step 2 - Comparative
After looking into other teachers practice I have found that when faced with the age and access barriers the teachers have engaged the caregivers. I also realised I hadn’t really thought of blogs as social media and I am currently using these very successfully to empower the students to share their learning with a wider audience. This was also found by (Magette, 2014) who stated that use of social media can lead to an engaging learning experience.

On the flipside social media use can become a distraction if it is not managed well and is implemented with a clear learning purpose as outlined by the Teachers Practice video. Mao (2014) who found that teacher attitudes and beliefs about technology can be one of the biggest barriers to effective technology integration and that students are generally very positive about the integration of social media.

Step 3 - Critical Reflection
So how might I change my attitude or more proactively problem solve and work through the barriers to include more strategic social media use? I have had a think about the tools that might be available in my context and realised that this year we are implementing a new learning management system that includes many social media features like a live news stream and that we will be opening up to our caregivers and community later in the year. So I could be using these features like updates and discussions more proactively with posts and comments focused on the learning and not just using the more formal and less collaborative assignment features. I could be exploring more of the interactive features to get the students collaborating and sharing more amongst themselves and the wider community using our LMS in a more proactive and engaging manner.

References
Education Council. (n.d.). Establishing Safe Guards. Retrieved June 21, 2018, from https://vimeo.com/49216520.

Faizi,R., Afia,A. & Chiheb, R. (2013). Exploring the potential benefits of using social media in education. International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy. 3(4), 50-53.

Jay, J.K. and Johnson, K.L. (2002). Capturing complexity: a typology of reflective practice for teacher education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 18, 73-85..

Magette, K. (2014). Embracing social media : a practical guide to manage risk and leverage opportunity. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Mao, J. (2014). Social media for learning: A mixed methods study on high school students’ technology affordances and perspectives. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 213–223. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.00

Melhuish, K.(2013). Online social networking and its impact on New Zealand educators’ professional learning. Master Thesis. The University of Waikato. Retrieved on 05 May, 2015 from http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/bitstr eam/han…

Week 28 - Influence of Law & Ethics in Practice

Week 28 - Influence of Law & Ethics in Practice

Professional and personal digital worlds are quickly becoming more and more blended and sharing of personal and professional information happens so quickly using digital tools - how much control do we really have in this process and where do we draw the line?

Recently I was on a school trip and a teacher suggested we should take a selfie and share this with a few of her students who were also on this school trip via an Instagram group. Before I knew it the picture was taken and shared by this teacher. After this occurred I felt quite uncomfortable about what had happened.

I will use a model from Ehrich et al. (2011) to try to explain the moral decision-making process involved in unpacking this ethical dilemma.

Step 1 (What): Step one starts by describing the critical event that has triggered the ethical dilemma which I have explained above.

Step 2 (So What): The next step involves exploring the key competing forces that impact decision making from their own bias viewpoint:

Organisational Culture - The teacher obviously thought this was a great way to connect with some of her students. The reasoning could include that connecting with students is part of our school's vision statement which includes being connected and community-minded and includes the importance of social and emotional aspects. The teacher probably genuinely thought that this was a great way to connect and share aspects of the trip with her students.

Public Interest - The public and school community including the caregivers might not be so supportive of a teacher sharing a picture with a private group with students and could see this as inappropriate and intimate in nature. Why was the picture not shared with all of the students involved in the trip and just a few select students?

Professional Standards - The Education Council (2017) outlines our standards which include ‘2.2 Engaging in ethical and professional relationships with learners that respect professional boundaries.’ An example of a possible breach is given which states fostering online connections with a learner outside the teaching context like ‘friending’ without a valid context. So this example could be interpreted by people as similar to the example and thus be crossing this professional and ethical relationship boundary line.

School Policy - I have also checked our Staff Social Media Policy which also provides guidelines that state that personal use of social media by staff must also be governed by confidentiality and professional standards. We are also warned to consider whether it is appropriate to extend or accept friend or connection requests with parents, students, or others involved in the school.

Step 3 (Now What): This step involves discussing how the Code and Standards should be interpreted to assist in the ethical decision-making process. In the future, as this type of digital sharing may be perceived by others as crossing a professional boundary next time I would state that I would prefer not to be in the photo and not to be shared with students. I would also explain why so the teacher who instigated this idea would also stop and consider this ethical dilemma for themselves. PPTA (2014) have also provided some guidance on the use of Social Media and also highlights the obligation to maintain appropriate student/teacher boundaries when using any social media.

References:

Education Council (2017). Our Code Our Standards. Retrieved 21th June, 2018 from:https://educationcouncil.org.nz/sites/default/files/Our%20Code%20Our%20Standards%20web%20booklet%20FINAL.pdf

Ehrich, L. C. , Kimber M., Millwater, J. & Cranston, N. (2011). Ethical dilemmas: a model to understand teacher practice, Teachers and Teaching: theory and practice, 17:2, 173-185, DOI: 10.1080/13540602.2011.539794

New Zealand Post Primary Teachers’ Association (2014). Digital Communication. Retrieved 21 June, 2018 from: https://www.ppta.org.nz/dmsdocument/139

Week 22 - Finding, Managing and Using Research Resources

Week 22 - Finding, Managing and Using Research Resources

Carrying on from last week we are now looking at pulling together relevant research as part of our literature review and we have been provided a few tips and ideas to keep us going.

This week included pointers and tips about how to find, record, manage and analyse resources to help prepare and work on our literature review project. We have also been reminded about using a dedicated reference management software such as Mendeley, Zotero, EEWOWW, and Citeulike etc.

I've found Mendeley works quite well for me so have continued to use this one and have installed the Chrome extension too which allows for quickly adding a reference to my library.

We were asked to start by reading an annotated article by Jennifer Duncan-Howell. Extra annotations were added to provide an indication on how to analyse and evaluate literature, and how to extract the key information for the literature review:

• Reading the abstract to get an overview of the article and research question it addresses.
• Finding the key problems the research is trying to address
• Looking at themes and definitions
• Checking out some of the articles that were referenced
• Asking yourself if you agree or not about definitions and why etc.
• Questioning surveys, how they were conducted, who involved, how many etc.
• How does a finding relate to your research theme in a positive or negative manner?
• Questioning the interpretation of the findings.
• Finding relevant links to your research question.

We were also introduced to a Synthesis Matrix to help us organise our literature. I had a look the example that was shared and have come up with my own simple version of it as follows, which basically lists the sources across the top and then I can add details about the key ideas for each source down the columns so that I can complete the sections and then look at the big picture and complete the analysis and synthesis by comparing and contrasting themes, patterns and findings. This is the structure that I came up with and I think it will be quite helpful for me to organise my research and literature review:

Topics: Personalisation, Agency and Engagement
Research Question: What factors of personalised learning might impact learner agency and engagement?

	Source 1	Source 2	Source 3	Source 4
Definition of personalised Learning
Benefits of Personalised Learning
How personalised learning impacts Learner Agency
How Personalised learning impacts Engagement
Challenges of personalised learning
How to implement Personalised Learning

Week 21 - Inquiry Question

Week 21 - Inquiry Question

This weeks challenge is to develop my research question that I’ll be using for the base of my literature review. Last week I came up with my topic - “Agency and Engagement”. This article by Martyn Shuttleworth explains a literature review. I will use the suggested break-down question template adapted from Riel (2014) to turn my topic into a research question.

Step 1 - Topic to Breakdown Inquiry Question
My Inquiry Topic: Personalisation and Agency and Engagement.
Action Plan: If I personalise learning...
Measuring the Reaction:  how will this affect learner agency and engagement in digital fluencies...
Group of People:  for learners at RJHS

Step 2 - Breakdown Inquiry Question to an Initial Teacher Inquiry Question
How does personalised learning (how) affect agency and engagement in learning digital fluencies (affect) in a range of learners at RJHS (in)?

Step 3 - Change Initial teacher inquiry question into an initial literature review question
Now I need to broaden the scope of the question to remove the context/subject/target group etc so that it is easier to find relevant literature.

So my final ideas for my research question:
How does personalised learning impact learner agency and engagement?
OR What factors of personalised learning might impact learner agency and engagement?

I would appreciate any comments or feedback.

References

Riel, M. (2014, Feb 18).T6-Beginning the first cycle of action research.[video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XwWPwyv60E4

Week 20 - Inquiry Topic

Teacher Inquiry Topic
This week I have been asked to choose a topic area that I am passionate about or interested in investigating in my teacher inquiry. I will also explore the principles of Kaupapa Māori and how they relate to educational research and my inquiry.

Choosing a Topic
I started by watching a video from Dr David Parsons in unpacking Research and Research Questions. He has identified 5 aspects of research:

• Aims - challenge thinking, apply, test assumptions, justify, discovery, investigate etc.
• Ways - research methods, approaches, reasoning, data etc.
• Sources - books, journals, experts, conferences, websites, blogs etc.
• Problems - personal agendas, funding, ethics, bias, peer review etc.
• Outcomes - increasing knowledge, finding answers, multiple views, infer new understandings and future work etc.

We should choose what fits best with the topics, interests and desired outcomes of the research. Research can also be defined as original investigation to contribute knowledge and understanding to a discipline, culture or social context. Research is important in feeding back into our own professional development.

Educational Research as defined by the American Educational Research Association - “Education research is the scientific field of study that examines education and the learning processes and the human attributes, interactions, organisations, and institutions that shape educational outcomes."

John Creswell (www.johncreswell.com) suggests an approach for scripting inquiry questions. Agile stories can also be used. Here is a basic structure that could be followed for qualitative inqiry questions:

1. How/what
2. story/meaning of/theory of process/culture sharing pattern/issue/case/ of
3. the central phenomenon for
4. the participants at
5. the research site.

This reminds me so much of developing a concept statement as part of brief development in the Technology development process curriculum which basically covers who, what, where, why and how for an issue or problem to solve as the starting point of technological innovation.

Here is an example that Dr David Parsons gave “What is the impact on engagement in learning of device addiction for students at my school?”

For quantitative inquiry questions that are a bit more focused the following structure is suggested by John Creswell:

1. Does (the name of the theory)
2. explain the relationship between (the independent variable - stable)
3. and (dependant variable - moves by management independent variable)
4. controlling for the effects of (control variable/s)

An example of this kind of inquiry question from Dr David Parsons - “Does social constructivism explain the relationship between student activity and learning outcomes, controlling for the effects of prior learning?”

Integrating the Principles of Kaupapa Māori Research into My Teacher Inquiry

Katoa Ltd has some great information about Kaupapa māori - http://www.katoa.net.nz/kaupapa-maori. Kaupapa Māori is literally ‘a Māori way’. Graham Smith describes Kaupapa Māori as:

• Related to ‘being Maori’,
• Connected to Maori philosophy and principles,
• Taking for granted the validity and legitimacy of Maori,
• Taking for granted the importance of Maori language and culture, and
• Concerned with the ‘struggle for autonomy over our own cultural well-being’.

Katoa also describe the potential of Kaupapa Māori being based upon six intervention elements or principles:

• Tino Rangatiratanga - The Principle of Self-determination
• Taonga Tuku Iho - The Principle of Cultural Aspiration
• Ako Māori - The Principle of Culturally Preferred Pedagogy
• Kia piki ake i ngā raruraru o te kainga - The Principle of Socio-Economic Mediation
• Whānau - The Principle of Extended Family Structure
• Kaupapa - The Principle of Collective Philosophy

Therefore, I should consider how these elements might be integrated into my Literature Review and Teacher Inquiry project plan.

There are also interesting points made by Macfarlane, H., Glynn, T., Grace, W., Penetito, W. & Bateman, S. (2008), about our NZ Curriculum Key Competencies not being consistent with Maori world views as they don’t really take into account these competencies in the bigger picture of how they are impacting on the natural world and survival. Also some other interesting points made about the early childhood curriculum Te Whāriki being more inline with a Māori perspective. There is probably much I can learn by including further investigation into these contexts.

My Inquiry Topic Selection
In my teaching and leadership practice I am still grappling with how to best support and inspire teachers and learners to drive their own learning and development in the area of digital fluencies as everyone is on such a different journey in this respect. So for my broad topic I would like to look into Learner Agency and Engagement.

I think this inquiry would link in well with the principle of Tino Rangatiratanga (Self-determination). This is all about having meaningful control over one’s own life and cultural well-being.

I look forward to diving into this in more detail over the next few weeks.

References
Creswell, J. W. (2009) Research Design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Katoa Ltd. Retrieved from http://www.katoa.net.nz/kaupapa-maori

Week 19 / Contribution of Teacher Inquiry Topics to my Communities of Practice

Week 19 / Contribution of Teacher Inquiry Topics to my Communities of Practice

Reflection Objective: To critically reflect on how two potential and inspiring digital and/or collaborative learning related teacher inquiry topics would contribute to my communities of practice

Method: I will use the model from Jay, J.K. and Johnson, K.L. (2002) to reflect in three stages.

Step 1 - Descriptive
I have identified two possible inquiry topics:

1. How can I more effectively support students to develop their learner agency and take action to engage in deep learning opportunities?
2. How can I more effectively lead, support and inspire staff with the implementation of digital fluencies and digital technologies curriculum. 

Wenger (1998) defines a community of practice (CoP) as a “group of individuals participating in communal activity, and experiencing/continuously creating their shared identity through engaging in and contributing to the practices of their communities”.

(Wenger, 2000, p.229) suggests that a CoP is defined by and comprises of the following three aspects:

Joint enterprise (domain): is a shared domain which is the “collectively developed understanding of what the community is about”.

• Mutual engagement (community): the members engage through interactions within the community, building mutual trust in the relationships.
• Shared repertoire (practice): is “the communal resources” that the community of practice produce.
• Another definition from (Wenger, McDermott & Snyder, 2002, p.4) suggests CoPs are “groups of people who share a concern, a set of problems, or a passion about a topic, and who deepen their knowledge and expertise in this area by interaction on an ongoing basis”. 

My CoP

• Domain - I currently lead the school wide digital fluencies initiative and am always looking for more effective ways to implement this and support staff. We also would like to more effectively develop learner agency and help students to access deeper levels of learning in this area.
• Community - consists of the Advisory Teachers who are implementing this initiative, as well as Hapu and IWI leaders, myself and the Senior Leadership Team. We currently engage and interact through leadership meetings, Hapu meetings, informal chats and drop-in sessions, and PD sessions. We could investigate how we can use these opportunities more effectively to develop a more active and effective CoP. 
• Practice - We can continue to develop and share relevant resources, our challenges and successes with each other via our learning management system, shared Google drive, emails and in our conversations and interactions. 

Step 2 - Comparative

Current barriers that prevent staff from being more active and engaged include time and work pressures, we are a relatively new and large school whose culture of learning is still developing.

Another barrier might also be the confidence levels of the teachers in this area, many might be reluctant to assertively engage with the future focused contexts and digital technologies as also found in research by Jamieson-Proctor, R. M., Burnett, P. C., Finger, G., & Watson, G. (2006). Another study as discussed by Hsu, H., Wang, S., & Runco, L. (2013). Even when confidence was high in use of digital technologies, meaningful technology integration and new literacies practices were scarcely observed in their classroom practices.

Staff members are keen to pursue more student driven, personalised approaches that we can explore next term to try to mitigate the confidence and engagement levels of staff, as the staff can learn alongside the students who are taking more of the lead.

Step 3 - Critical Reflection

To continue to grow my CoP I must seek ways to more actively engage and explore the domain and use the CoP to work through the barriers and challenges together to improve our practices as a collective. As Bruce Knox suggests the success depends on the energy of the community that the community generates.

References
Hsu, H., Wang, S., & Runco, L. (2013). Middle School Science Teachers' Confidence and Pedagogical Practice of New Literacies. Journal Of Science Education & Technology, 22(3), 314-324.

Knox, B (2009) - Cultivating Communities of Practice: Making the Grow. Retrieved: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhMPRZnRFkk.

Jamieson-Proctor, R. M., Burnett, P. C., Finger, G., & Watson, G. (2006). ICT integration and teachers’ confidence in using ICT for teaching and learning in Queensland state schools. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 22(4).

Jay, J.K. and Johnson, K.L. (2002) Capturing complexity: a typology of reflective practice for teacher education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 18, 73-85.

Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Wenger, E.(2000). Communities of practice and social learning systems. Organization,7(2), 225-246.